On philosophy

Virginia Held, in her article Feminist Transformations of Moral Theory, guarantees that the verifiable groundings of the statutes of reasoning, including the arrangements of moral speculations and positions, and theory as a rule have been raised from the perspectives of men and that the thoughts included are not so much â€Å"gender-neutral† as they seem to guarantee themselves (Held). One can see that all through the stretch of the time that included the beginning times of reasoning up to the hour of the modern transformation and the beginning of the period of globalization, men have overwhelmed the field of theory. Ladies in the past social orders specifically were given insignificant job in social exercises and attempts in light of the fact that a large portion of these ladies were just kept to their homes and their assignments were significantly denied of social interest (Claassen and Joyce). This perception drives us to the presumption that, as a result of these discouraging components on the very nearness of ladies in the general public, ladies have additionally had almost no influence in the improvement of reasoning when all is said in done and the quantity of philosophical conversations everywhere throughout the world. The ascent of woman's rights close by and the move in the man centric examples that lingered over social orders, in any case, have seemed to break down individually the boundaries that confine ladies from having a section in the philosophical plane. One can additionally examine that Virginia seems to contend that what the way of thinking we are aware of today is the result of the past philosophizing done in enormous part by men. Richard Brandt, for this issue, has primarily supported in a portion of his works beating inclination and preference in the very statutes of profound quality (Stevenson). This perception seems to soothe Brandt of the allegations flung by Virginia towards the advancement of reasoning during the time that humankind has harped on its unpleasant, mind boggling, and as a rule dazing edges. Brandt contends that energy ought not be permitted to mediate at whatever point we are to dive into issues that worry profound quality for it obscures the limit of our explanation and thinking on similarly critical good issues (Brandt). If so, surely Brandt may have just swung himself off the ranges of Virginia’s allegations concerning customary way of thinking for the explanation that conventional way of thinking has been believed to be savored with a wide range of masculine follows. The recommendation being offered by Brandt is one that alleviates reasoning of any predisposition towards a particular sex in any working setting, one that tries to rescue the way of thinking we know today from the residue of customary way of thinking. Be that as it may, there remains the dispute that regardless of whether Brandt is contending for a goal journey, in any event as far as the ethical statutes and good customs that humankind has unequivocally held through time, the very actuality that Brandt sees his reality from a man’s perspective can be a state of conflict. This insults one to suggest conversation starters of vulnerability and validity concerning his case of a justifying void of energy and predisposition. On the off chance that Virginia Held is suitably exact and directly with her contention, it shows up, at that point, that Brandt’s recognition on theory and that of profound quality isn't altogether vacant of inclination for the explanation that the last observes the world from the comprehension and vision of man while ladies may have a contrasting perspective concerning what they are aware of about the world the two of them live in. This leads us to the supposition that, conceded Virginia’s contentions are emphatically established, Brandt’s thoughts and the remainder of his contentions can't totally be vacant of predisposition given the way that he is a man and that a lady thinks rather diversely to those of guys. Furthermore, there has to be sure been various translations that isolates from customary way of thinking, particularly from a women's activist methodology where ladies are treated as people who likewise share jobs in the general public by and large. The death penalty and killings in war The death penalty is regularly used so as to put unlawful individuals before the equity arrangement of social orders and shut down their unlawful meansâ€and to their livesâ€thereby expelling further examples of carrying out offensive violations by a similar crook. War killings, then again, are basically taken to be comprehended as killings in the front line, particularly in the midst of war wherein warriors or armed forces from the rival sides are allowed by their specialists to acquire their crucial each conceivable meansâ€such as gunning down the enemyâ€in request to dissuade the adversary from progressing further as well as to at long last shut down the enemy’s presence. From a Kantian viewpoint, both the death penalty and killings in war are improper acts as in both of these basically remove the lives of men which is, then again, carefully against the ethical goals. Fundamentally, Kant proposes that removing the life of another individual can't be advocated on the grounds that it isn't the best activity at whatever given circumstance. Utilitarianism, then again, gives us another view that suggests that both the death penalty and war killings can be ethically defended given that both of these advance the general great or the best bliss for the best number of individuals. That is, removing the life of another individual can be defended in the moral issues given that the reason for the activity is legitimate. Also, this ethical hypothesis attests that activities can for sure be defended, explicitly with regards to the estimation of satisfaction and its resulting impacts on the government assistance and bliss of the best number of people. In any case, the strand of rule utilitarianism parts from this case since it contends that rules ought not be twisted only for the fulfillment of general bliss which, for this situation, is interpreted as meaning that ethical statutes and legitimate guidelines concerning life ought to never be flexed so as to fit the circumstance. Very despite what might be expected, the very circumstances of the death penalty and killings in war ought to be fundamentally investigated dependent on these statutes and rules so as to show up at the best satisfaction for the best number. William Godwin William Godwin isn't slanted towards bias and thought it as the wellspring of much that isn't right on the planet as he additionally focused on the noteworthy job of fair-mindedness. The estimation of human life ought to be taken as a focal piece of the examination of Godwin’s guarantee basically in light of the fact that all together for the person to have the option to show up at a good instinct the individual should in any case investigate the course of the years that have formed the existence that the person in question has (Monro). Preference, despite what might be expected, makes the idea of selectivity wherein the individual might be slanted to incline toward this from that or, in another specific circumstance, this individual from someone else for various reasons pegged on the particular demeanor of the individual. Without a worry for the estimation of human life, it would be troublesome, if certainly feasible, to show up at an unprejudiced disposition towards others essentially in light of the fact that without having a widespread feeling of kindheartedness towards humankind when all is said in done unbiasedness can scarcely be achieved. Thus, with the goal for one to have the option to grasp the possibility that preference is the wellspring of much that isn't right on the planet, one should be unprejudiced both in deeds and in contemplations. With a firm thought on the estimation of human life among the entirety of mankind, one can only with significant effort stray away from the holds of a fair treatment towards others and that one can't clearly fall back on preference. Without having a feeling of connection towards the power and estimation of human life, it would be very troublesome too, if not more, to act honestly as a big-hearted singular void of preference in thought and deed or to at any rate claim to resemble an unbiased person. Kant and Singer’s basic entitlements Kant says that obligation is the certainty or need of working out of an exacting perception for laws that are widespread. Subsequently, the value or estimation of the activity done by the person as far as good settings is basically drawn from the expectation of the activity. Additionally, Kant’s treatment of a proverb can be quickly summed up as a given guideline whereupon one acts with the end goal that its tendency depends on the way in the declaration of the aim. In this manner, the substance of the activities as far as aim have a significant job in Kantian morals. This substance can be additionally communicated in two habits. The principal expresses that there are proverbs or objectives which specify that there are acts dependent on the wants of the person. This is the thing that Kant calls the theoretical goal. Then again, those which depend on reason and not simply subject to one’s wants have a place with the downright objective. The last kind arrangements with what should be finished. All these can be generally transposed and summed up into Kant’s origination of the reasonable basic which guarantees that one should act to regard people as closures in themselves and never simply as a way to some random end, regardless of whether the individual is oneself or someone else. Subside Singer contends that moral statutes ought to be broadened with the goal that it will include creatures also. If so, and in the event that we are to put this with regards to Kant’s recommendation, at that point we are to show up at the possibility that, after moral statutes have been made to be comprehended to envelop creatures, nobody is to regard any creature as means so as to show up at specific finishes yet rather as the very closures themselves. Kant would differ with Singer as in the former’s hypothesis is tied down on the judiciousness of individuals while creatures are unfilled of sane limit. Artist, then again, would differ with Kant in this thought fundamentally in light of the fact that creatures additionally have rights

Henry V Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Henry V - Essay Example l as a comprehension not just of the historical backdrop of Henry V and how Englishmen by and large felt about him yet in addition of the period during which Shakespeare composed this play uncovers that he was altogether earnest in his endeavors to respect the man who figures so noticeably in the title and the play. The play narratives the short rule of King Henry V, especially in accordance with his battle in France and triumph in Agincourt. This battle is presented as a methods for the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of Ely to occupy their young lord from passing another bill that would strip the congregation, and along these lines themselves, of a lot of the wealth and terrains they’ve been given by aristocrats without any children left to acquire. Henry himself is introduced as having totally transformed himself from before plays when he used to hang out in low-class bars and is currently introduced as a transcending Christian saint sovereign. â€Å"Hear him however reason in godliness,/And, all-appreciating, with an internal wish,/You would want the lord were made a prelate;/Hear him discussion of federation undertakings,/You would state it hath been all in his examination;/List his talk of war, and you will hear/A dreadful fight rend’red you in music† (38-44). The majority of the play happens as the King walks his way through France and wins Agincourt just as his future lady of the hour, Catherine of France. One of the cases that Shakespeare was making a spoof of King Henry has been founded on such talks as can be found in Act 4, Scene 7 when Fluellen endeavors to make a correlation between the King and Alexander the Great, in view of upon the realities that they were both conceived in towns that start with the letter M and are the two towns that have a waterway experiencing it. In any case, the consideration that Shakespeare took recorded as a hard copy the play shows the significance of the subject to him. â€Å"[Shakespeare] paid attention to its genuine segments and went past the current dramatic variants of Henry’s profession for his

How to Get Good Samples of an Essay to a Teacher Professional

How to Get Good Samples of an Essay to a Teacher ProfessionalWhen the teacher has finished reviewing your written sample of an essay to a teacher professionally, he or she will ask you to provide a proofreading report. This means that you will have to go back and review the work of a professional editor to ensure that it is error free. This can be very time consuming but the benefits of having the project completed will be well worth the effort.If you are a teacher who has been given an assignment to write samples of an essay to a teacher professionally, then you may wonder how to get the best possible product for your students. You will find that there are many of these. This means that you will not only need to look through them carefully but you will also have to take some responsibility to proofread them yourself to ensure that they are error free.When you get a sample of an essay to a teacher professionally, you will need to check that it is grammatically correct. This will ensu re that you are passing your students' essays on with no mistakes. Grammatical errors are very common in the writing of essays. That is why you will want to make sure that your student's essays contain no mistakes.Your student may also get this assignment from their guidance counselor. You may have read this type of assignment before but you can find them in various forms on the internet. Your student may choose to submit a proofreading sample on their own or they may have already sent it to their guidance counselor. You should use this type of assignment to help improve your students' essay writing skills.They will also want to write samples of essays for your lesson plans. This is where you will find many of these as well. The lesson plans that are written by your students are one of the most important parts of their education. They will find that their teachers have many different options that they can choose from and they will be able to get the same styles and formats for each lesson plan.When you write samples of essays for school boards you will be able to give them a template that they can use for all of their papers. They can also choose to personalize this form by including things like their school, their class, their grade level, or other information that they can add. Students like this because it gives them an opportunity to create something special for their projects and will also be a great way to remember their assignments when it comes time to grade them.Your students will also appreciate that they will be able to use the sample of an essay to a teacher professionally to determine if their writing style fits well with what is expected. Once they have developed their paper, they will not have to worry about what format to use. They will be able to rewrite their paper any way that they want and will also not have to worry about what the rules are for making your own format. You may have learned how to write a thesis statement at school but that does not mean that you should know everything that you need to know to complete your own thesis.When you are preparing your samples of essays for school boards, you will find that there are many online resources available to you. Many of these are free and others are offered for a small fee. Some will offer you tutorials but you may prefer to make it all up as you go along. Do not forget that you need to proofread these samples yourself to ensure that they are error free.

Planning Strategic Human Resourse And Management Polices Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1467 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction Planning Strategic Human Resource (SHR) is a part of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) and planning SHR policies is an important aspect to be considered in every organization. Effective planning of human resource (HR) policies will lead an organization to work effectively and also improves productivity. Apart from this human resource strategies play an important role in achieving organizational objectives and goals. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Planning Strategic Human Resourse And Management Polices Business Essay" essay for you Create order Apart from achieving organizational objectives, a good HR strategy also supports specific strategic objectives of operational, financial, marketing and technology departments. In the following sections we will discuss in detail the HR strategies and how they affect the school districts structure and changes, importance of SHR planning, SHRM approaches and how education councils formulate or plan SHR decisions and choices and the challenges of SHR planning process in detail. Human Resource Strategies For school districts to improve in the market place or to gain competitive advantage, changes in the HR strategy is a must and it is believed that changes in the HR policies and practices show a wider impact on the schools environment and some of which could be Changes in the overall employment marketplace such as pay levels, demographics etc. Cultural changes These changes could affect the future processes of recruitment or employment Changes in employee relations environment Changes in the work practices These changes could be due to the HR practices followed in other organizations or develop new work practices. Effective planning and designing HR policies and practices will maximize the companys likelihood of success considering this HR strategy should aim at effective people management through which organization is aiming at achieving long and short term . Based on this contradiction HR should ensure that It has the right people in the right place right job assigned to the right or eligible person. It has the right mix of skills eligible persons should have the necessary skills and knowledge to perform the work properly Employees show good attitudes and behavior Organizations should ensure that employees behavior is right and have a good attitude towards work and organization. Employees developed in a right way school districts HR should ensure that proper training, coaching etc are provided to the employees so as to improve their skill in the related job. Importance of Strategic Human Resource Planning Integrating human resource management strategies and systems to achieve the overall mission, strategies, and success of the firm while meeting the needs of employees and other stakeholders- Before discussing the strategic HR policies and practices first let us see the importance of strategic HR planning. Strategic planning help school districts to work more effectively and efficiently by Setting the strategic direction Formulating effective strategies show positive outcomes which the school seeks to achieve and includes schools vision, mission, goals and values. Strategies are prepared based on the external environment. Strategies focus on supporting HR policies so as to accomplish organizations mission, vision and goals. Designing HRM system Effective HRM system is important in any school districts wherein the HR focuses on selecting, designing and alignment of human resource policies, plans and practices. Planning the complete workforce Planning school districts and work design or work structure is as important as designing workforce. Effective workforce planning helps in bringing out the expected results. Creating or producing the necessary human res ources Organizations need to effectively plan strategies for recruiting, selecting, appointments etc. Investing in HRD and performance Planning strategies for promotions, rewards, compensations, career planning, performance management etc. will help in better organizational and employee outcomes. Assessing and sustaining organizational performance and competence Effective strategies will lead to succession planning, good organizational culture and evaluating effectiveness of HR strategies. The overall purpose of SHR planning is to ensure enough human resources so as to meet the strategic and operational goals of the organization upgrade the social, economic, technological trends that effect human resource in the organization and finally to be flexible so that organizational change could be anticipated. Therefore, SHRM approaches play an important role in the process of effectively planning and implementing strategic human resources policies and practices. Strategic Human Resource Categories In an organization, HR strategy will add value when it is carefully considers the existing and developing plans so that it could identify and focus on common themes and implications that could probably happen or would never happen. According to major, HR practices fall into four major categories explained as following Flow of people It includes promotions, transfers, outplacements, training and development. Flow of performance Management This includes measuring job performance, appraisals, rewards and regular follow ups. Flow of information Organizations should keep in touch with the important external realities, manage internal communication and perfectly and/ or properly design information technology infrastructure. Flow of work This includes organization structure, work process design and other physical arrangements. Strategic Formulation Strategies and Choices Formulating and developing strategic HR policies is a part of strategic HR planning. Strategic formulation includes evaluating the interaction between the strategic factors and making strategic choices organizations should ensure that developing HR policies to support organizational strategies should include five major strategies so as to meet the organizations needs in future Restructuring strategies This strategy mainly includes reducing workforce either by termination or attrition, restructuring group tasks so as to create well designed jobs and recognize work units to be more efficient. strategy HR should see for the best approach keeping in view the cost effectiveness. Recruitment strategies This includes hiring new employees with the necessary skills and abilities that match the organizational needs (current needs and future needs). Considering the requirements and options organizations need to promote job openings and encourage suitable individuals to apply. This strategy helps organizations to choose the right candidate who can align with future changes planned for future. Training and development strategies This strategy includes providing training and other related processes to employees to take new roles (job responsibilities) and present staff with career developing opportunities (this also helps the organization to promote the same employees in future other than hiring new staff). Collaboration strategies It could also be called as merging strategies where in the organization could collaborate with other organizations which help the organization to be successful and also can overcome the shortage of certain skills. Outsourcing strategies This strategy looks for external sources (individuals or organizations) to do some of the organizational tasks (for example consultants and so on). Here organizations should also focus on the implications of such process and take necessary actions to assess the strategy before implementing. According to Purcell (2001) strategic choices could be upstream or downstream type of strategic decisions. Where in upstream look for long term decisions and down stream look for short term or new decisions on the structure of the firm. Challenges of Strategic HR Planning Organizations before planning should identify and focus on which plan or strategy are fundamental so as to achieve organizational goals and objectives. It is important for organizations to look in for the following Planning issues concerned to workforce (workforce requirements, recruiting)) Planning sequence (prioritizing work process) Planning for improving skills in workforce (trainings, coaching, conduct workshops etc.) Employment equity plans (compensations, benefits, promotions, rewards etc.) Issues related to motivation and fair treatment (appraisals, rewards, respect, attitude of management towards employees) Designing pay levels (recruiting new employees, retain, motivate people etc.) Developing a framework for performance management so as to meet the needs of all levels and sectors of organization Career development frameworks to develop employee skills and knowledge Apart from all the above, organizations must also focus on the various implicati on of implementing the proposed policies or practices. Improper planning and implementation of HR strategies could lead to many other issues in the organization such as employee job dissatisfaction, work load due to change in work processes, lack of effective skills, lack of good leadership and so on. So, it is also important for organizations to look for the organizational needs, available resources (operational and financial) and based on the needs and available resources formulate HR policies and communicate properly (use proper communication channels) and evaluate the policies and/ or strategies before implementing the strategies. Conclusion Strategic human resource management is an important aspect that needs to be considered in all the organizations. SHRM approaches help the organizations to effectively develop HR strategies and thereby planning and effectively implementing them. Good HR planning, practices and policies are very crucial and organizations could achieve competitive advantage, improve its market place, develop its employees which will in turn help the organization to perform better get more output both externally (income) and internally (through better employee performance). Effective planning and implementation of HR strategies therefore help the organization to achieve its goals and objectives.

The Integration Of Robotics And Artificial Intelligence

The industrial revolution period through the recent technological revolution brought immeasurable changes in how society approaches tasks and jobs. The transformations brought by automation and technology integration in the workplace elicits different views and exaggeration on the future of human labor. The job market is getting more concerned about the future that on a greater extent depends on the creative and innovative minds of the vibrant technology experts (Kelly). Most of current manual jobs, especially in the assembly category get a massive replacement of machinery like robots that receive continuous upgrading to improve flexibility and ease of task handling. The critical element of thinking demonstrated by humans gets adopted in robotics and automation by the developments intensified in the field of Artificial Intelligence. The fear of robots taking over human tasks should get dismissed because the adoption of new technology elevates innovation levels that create alternative jobs in various sectors of the economy hence employment (Kelly). The integration of robotics and artificial intelligence in the human tasks benefits society to a great extent by simplifying tasks, handling previously dirty tasks, and creating new jobs. The use of robots will initially displace human labor, but at the expense of a simplistic solution to task handling. The assembly line workers will be partially replaced by robots if they lack the basic training required to manage and superviseShow MoreRelatedI Robot1671 Words   |  7 PagesArtificial Intelligence, also known as AI, allows a machine to function as if the machine has the capability to think like a human. While we are not expecting any hovering cars anytime soon, artificial intelligence is projected to have a major impact on the labor force and will likely replace about half the workforce in the United States in the decades to come. The research in artificial intelligence is advancing rapidly at an unstoppable rate. So while many people feel threatened by the possibilityRead MoreHow Robotics Could Take Over the World Essay1858 Words   |  8 Pagesand Despair? In actuality, if someone can develop artificial intelligences to a certain limit he or she can prevent man y of the world’s future problems. In a sense, Mankind can benefit greatly from the further use and development of Artificial Intelligence although some people would have one believe that the further development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) can endanger large areas around the world. The further development of artificial intelligence and other cybernetic technologies are highly beneficialRead MoreReflection Of Ex Maschina1689 Words   |  7 Pagesfurther expanding and illuminating my knowledge, attitude, acceptability, and perception of the future of technology and robotic AI, being interwoven into the worlds society’s. After doing some research, I can safely say that the writers of Ex-Maschina did their research in crafting what came to be their portrayal of the dynamic responses produced from human and AI integration in contemporary and future time. The movie opens up with the protagonist Caleb being informed in his work place that he wasRead MoreRobotics and Artificial Intelligence Essay example1769 Words   |  8 Pages Robotics and artificial intelligence is the way of the future. Imagine sitting at work and your co-worker is a robot, not just a robot but one who looks like a human, seems a bit far fetched but as predicted by The National Intelligence Council(NIC), a United States government think-tank and research group, technologies will be advanced enough to assume low skilled jobs by the year 3025(Lohr, Steve). Generations beyond this day and age will find it normal to talk to computers just as Siri on theRead MoreRobots Change the World921 Words   |  4 Pagesgov/el/isd/ps/robpercwkspsitaware.cfm. [Accessed 9 April 2014]. [4] E. Guizzo, DARPA Seeking to Revolutionize Robotic Manipulation, 18 October 2010. [Online]. Available: http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/robotics-software/darpa-arm-program. [Accessed 9 April 2014]. Robots Change the World Introduction Whether traversing a battlefield or a messy home, it is all the same to a robot’s artificial intelligence (AI). 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I believe that this unexplored field is an essential step needed to integrating cutting-edge technology into our society, as this will increase its trustworthiness among people. For example, an autonomous car coming late to pick us up should be able to say, â€Å"The fifthRead MoreA Paper Presentation on Brain Controlled Car for Disabled Using Artificial Intelligence1667 Words   |  7 PagesA Paper Presentation on BRAIN CONTROLLED CAR FOR DISABLED USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Submitted on the event of Zeitgeist’09 At UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Read MoreArtificial Intellegence and Home Automation2031 Words   |  9 PagesArtificial Intelligence and Home Automation Abstract Artificial Intelligence, AI, is slowly making its way into society; the next big step would be to integrate AI systems into homes. AI would be a huge help to people of all age groups allowing for security and help in completing the everyday tasks that keep the house in order. A master system that controls climate, security, appliances, and domestic robots was implemented to help make families lives easier. We concluded that AI systems are readyRead MoreCategorization of Objects in Symbolic Interaction1847 Words   |  7 PagesStatement 4 Categorization of Objects and Human Symbolic Understanding 4 People are Objects who are Selves and Others 6 Symbolic Interactionist Understanding of Objectification vs. Turkles use of a Subjectification/Objectification Dichotomy 7 Robotic Moment in the views of a Symbolic Interactionist 8 Conclusion 9 References 10 The paper is about symbolic interaction prevailing in the modern society of 21st century. The 21st century is unique in the sense that it has brought uncountable

Foucault and Punishment Essay - 1172 Words

Change over time; that is a common theme with everything in the world. The concept of punishment is no different in that regard. In the 16th and 17th century the common view for punishing people was retaliation from the king and to be done in the town square. In what seemed to be all of a sudden, there was a change in human thinking, the concept of punishment changed to a more psychological approach compared to a public embarrassment/torture approach. The following paragraphs will discuss the development of prisons and what in fact gives people gives people the right to punish; as well as the overall meaning and function of prisons. The work by Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison will help with the arguments†¦show more content†¦The public spectacle went as far as chain-gangs until that was abolished in 1848 (Foucault 8). The reason for this change, according to Foucault, was due to the overwhelming thought of humanization that developed in soci ety. How did this change to a humanization thinking come about and more importantly how was it implemented into the penal system? Foucault accredits the evolution to the humanization process of thinking based on how people portrayed the executioner. What that means is the overwhelming sense of savagery that was bestowed into the people by the fact that the punishment had ‘out-done’ the crime itself. â€Å"It was as if the punishment was thought to equal, if not exceed, in savagery the crime itself, to accustom the spectators to a ferocity from which wished to divert them†¦to make the executioner resemble a criminal, judges murderers, to reverse roles at the last moment, to make the tortured criminal an object of pity or admiration† (Foucault 9). The perception by the people in seeing how criminals were dealt with was the turning point and the leading factor to the eventual development of prisons. With the development of prisons, this changed how punishment a nd torture was viewed, at least in the public eye. The act of torturing, however unfortunate, comes naturally in regards to punishment. A big reason to why torture is no longer heard about in the prisons is because torture is now done the private spectrum instead of inShow MoreRelatedFoucault s Discipline And Punishment1211 Words   |  5 Pagesmovements linked to the Enlightenment, which transformed society into the modern culture seen today. Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish examines how punishment was viewed and enacted prior to the â€Å"humane† awakening of the eighteenth century, while establishing the progression of change that shifted punishment from the body to the soul. Foucault was a student and professor of philosophy and psychology during the twentieth century, which influenced his writings and political activism. DisciplineRead MoreMichel Foucault s Theory Of Discipline And Punishment1225 Words   |  5 PagesMichel Foucault states in Discipline a nd Punishment that â€Å"the Panopticon is a marvelous machine which, whatever use one may wish to put it to, produces homogeneous effects of power† (Foucault 188). Examining the evolution, physical characteristics, and psychological effects of the Panopticon allows one to understand the mechanism by which the Panopticon produces power. Most inventions develop through an evolutionary process while attempting to improve a situation or solve a problem. Often, aRead MoreSystem And Oppression Of The Panopticon1631 Words   |  7 Pages2.3.2. Panoptical System and Oppression The Panopticon was a metaphor that allowed Foucault to show the relationship between the people in a disciplinary situation and the systems of social control. From his view, the concept of power/knowledge comes from observing others. Michel Foucault is one of the European philosopher/historian who wrote prodigiously and influentially on the origins or ‘archaeology’ of European social orders since the seventeenth century. For understanding of his work on socialRead MoreOne Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Relation to Foucaults Argument1602 Words   |  7 Pagesrelates to Foucault’s analysis of discipline and punishment. Foucault’s argument is that power works in a disciplinary way in current society. The movie can relate to this because the institution that the movie took place in was ran using Foucault’s disciplinary technique. There are many scenes from the film that give an analysis of Foucault’s argument. Foucault believes that people have the power to punish the docile bodies that they produce. Foucault argues in â€Å"The Carceral† that, â€Å"The least actRead MoreDiscipline And Punish : The Birth Of The Prison1345 Words   |  6 PagesMichel Foucault- Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison Michel Foucault is a very famous French intellectual who practiced the knowledge of sociology. Foucault analyzed how knowledge related to social structures, in particular the concept of punishment within the penal system. His theory through, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, is a detailed outline of the disciplinary society; in which organizes populations, their relations to power formations, and the corresponding conceptionsRead MoreSimilarities Between Michel Foucault s Punish And Discipline And Nellie Bly s Ten Days1495 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice system; his temperament, punctuality, knowledge and authority remained unchecked. He investigated suspects, formed judgment and prescribed punishment (Foucault 19). In particular, an investigation established the suspect’s involvement in an act. The judge studied its results and diagnosed guilt. Then he prosecuted according to the law (Foucault 19). Although he controlled the justice system, the judge lacked author ity in alternative areas of society. His influence remained unchanged untilRead MoreFoucault once stated, â€Å"Our society is one not of spectacle, but of surveillance; under the surface800 Words   |  4 PagesFoucault once stated, â€Å"Our society is one not of spectacle, but of surveillance; under the surface of images, one invests† (301). By this, he means that our society is full of constant supervision that is not easily seen nor displayed. In his essay, Panopticism, Foucault goes into detail about the different disciplinary societies and how surveillance has become a big part of our lives today. He explains how the disciplinary mechanisms have dramatically changed in comparison to the middle ages. FoucaultRead MorePublic Torture Vs. Penal System1030 Words   |  5 PagesCount: 1,032 Public Torture vs. Penal System In Michel Foucault’s Discipline Punish, he starts out by describing a gruesome, public execution. Foucault questions why this man is getting tortured and punished this way. He later goes on to compare this event with prison rules 80 years after the execution and, throughout his book, argues which punishment is a better choice. Prison is more effective than public torture because it contains criminals properly, rather than humiliating them in public.Read MoreEssay on The Utopia of Orwell and Foucault1368 Words   |  6 PagesOrwell and Foucault â€Å"Two ways of exercising power over men, of controlling their relations, of separating out their dangerous mixtures. The plague stricken town, transversed throughout with hierarchy, surveillance, observation, writing; the town immobilized by the functioning of an extensive power that bears in a distinct way over all individual bodies-this is the utopia of the perfectly governed city† (Foucault, 6) This quote extracted from the Essay Panopticism written by Michel Foucault perfectlyRead MoreEssay about Analysis of Discipline and Punish1609 Words   |  7 Pageswork, Foucault establishes the trend of using power as a sort of political technology over the human body. According to Foucault, power relations transcend every facet of society, and are not simply localized in those relations between citizens and the government. Power must be aligned closely with the concept of knowledge. Basically, there is no power relation without a sort of constitution of knowledge, or any sort of knowledge not inferring to or allowing for power relations (Foucault, 27).

Adaptive Cruise Control free essay sample

Cruise control system is developed for highway driving. This system is useful for driving in roads which are big, straight, and the destination is far apart. When traffic congestion is increasing, the conventional cruise control becomes less useful. The adaptive cruise control (ACC) system is developed to cope up with this situation. The conventional cruise control provides a vehicle with one mode of control, velocity control. On the other hand, ACC provides two modes of control, velocity and distance control. If the lead vehicle slows down, or if another object is detected, the system sends a signal to the engine or braking system to decelerate. Then, when the road is clear, the system will re-accelerate the vehicle back to the set speed. The adaptive cruise control (ACC) system depends on two infrared sensors to detect cars up ahead. Each sensor has an emitter, which sends out a beam of infrared light energy, and a receiver, which captures light reflected back from the vehicle ahead. We will write a custom essay sample on Adaptive Cruise Control or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first sensor, called the sweep long-range sensor, uses a narrow infrared beam to detect objects six to 50 yards away. At its widest point, the beam covers no more than the width of one highway lane, so this sensor detects only vehicles directly ahead and doesnt detect cars in other lanes. Even so, it has to deal with some tricky situations, like keeping track of the right target when the car goes around a curve. To deal with that problem, the system has a solid-state gyro that instantaneously transmits curve-radius information to the sweep sensor, which steers its beam accordingly. Another challenge arises when a car suddenly cuts in front of an ACC-equipped car. Because the sweep sensors beam is so narrow, it doesnt see the other car until its smack in the middle of the lane. Thats where the other sensor, called the cut-in sensor, comes in. It has two wide beams that look into adjacent lanes, up to a distance of 30 yards ahead. And because it ignores anything that isnt moving at least 30 percent as fast as the car in which it is mounted, highway signs and parked cars on the side of the road dont confuse it. Figure shows the sensor’s range, beam area and the minimum time gap. Information from the sensors goes to the microcontroller, the systems computing and communication center. The microcontroller reads the settings the driver has selected and communicates it to the fuzzy logic controller which figures out such things as how fast the car should go to maintain the proper distance from cars ahead and when the car should release the throttle or downshift to slow down. Then it communicates that information to devices that control the engine and the transmission. Figure shows the working of an ACC equipped vehicle. Here the preset speed is 140kmph. When there is no vehicle in the same lane ahead of it, the car cruises at the preset speed. When a vehicle is detected the fuzzy logic control lowers the speed in order to maintain a safe preset time gap between the two vehicles. If the preceding vehicle changes the lane, there is no obstacle ahead and so the car accelerates to and continues in the preset speed. The components of an ACC system equipped in a vehicle are shown below. Comfortable distance to the car ahead increases driving safety and ensures a more relaxed driving experience. Adaptive Cruise Control ensures that there is enough distance to the car ahead, even if it unexpectedly lowers the speed. With Adaptive Cruise Control we have enhanced the conventional systems for speed control to a driver assistant with an added value. The system makes it possible to adapt the distance to the car ahead without the driver’s intervention, effectively relieving the driver. Highway and rural road drives are more relaxed and traffic flows better altogether, since acceleration and braking maneuvers are automatically adjusted. Some of the advantages of ACC include : * It’s useful for long drives across sparsely populated roads. This usually results in better fuel efficiency. * Some drivers use it to avoid unconsciously violating speed limits. A driver who otherwise tends to unconsciously increase speed over the course of a highway journey may avoid a speeding ticket. Such drivers should note, however, that a cruise control may go over its setting on a downhill which is steep enough to accelerate with an idling engine.

Lagaan (2001) A landmark Bollywood film that gracefully combines art and entertainment Essay Example

Lagaan (2001): A landmark Bollywood film that gracefully combines art and entertainment Paper The Bollywood film chosen for analysis in this essay is Lagaan, released in 2001. The film, directed by Ashutosh Gowariker stars Amir Khan and Gracy Singh in lead roles. The movie combines popular formulaic elements within the time-tested format of sports movies, making it a unique production to have come out of Bollywood in many years. Not only was the movie make a lot of money at the box-office (both in India and abroad), but it also attracted positive reaction from the critics. This is evident from the fact that it was one of the movies nominated for Best Picture under Foreign Language Movie category in the following year at the Academy Awards. It is hoped that reasons such as these make Lagaan an appropriate choice for discussion in this essay. Before getting the detailed analysis of the film, a brief summary of the story is called for. Lagaan is a fictional story set in nineteenth century India, when the country was still under the rule of British Empire. A group of villagers from a remote village in the arid central India â€Å"take up a British officer’s challenge to play cricket in order to get a reprieve from a crippling tax imposed by the colonial government† (Kasbekar, 2007, p. 366) If the villagers beat their colonial rulers, their taxes are waived off for three subsequent years. In the eventuality they lose they will be compelled to pay thrice the usual taxes Moreover, We will write a custom essay sample on Lagaan (2001): A landmark Bollywood film that gracefully combines art and entertainment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lagaan (2001): A landmark Bollywood film that gracefully combines art and entertainment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lagaan (2001): A landmark Bollywood film that gracefully combines art and entertainment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer â€Å"The fact that the villagers have never played cricket and do not know the first thing about the game establishes the foundation of the film’s narrative and dramatic structure. The British officer’s sister takes pity on the villagers and secretly teaches them the game so that they have a fighting chance. The cricket match takes up the final hour of this nearly four-hour long film and is marked by moments of comedy, drama, and suspense.† (Ganti, 2004, p.25) Lagaan has proven to be a watershed event in mainstream Indian film industry. This view is supported by the fact that in the years since its release, no other movie had attained such overwhelming popular and critical acclaim. At the time when Lagaan was released, Bollywood was going through a crisis of sorts. Most films released by the film studios of Mumbai (which is where Bollywood is headquartered) were failing badly at the box-office. There were multiple reasons behind this decline, but the foremost among them is the lack of creativity and novelty in the scripts. Even regular movie-goers got fed up with the bland, repetitive and unimaginative story lines of a majority of films at the time. It is in this context that Lagaan should be studied and evaluated, for it then lucidly illustrates the uniqueness of Lagaan (Vasudevan, 2005, p.135). Bollywood is differentiated from the Independent/Art House film industry in India. The former is generally considered as a money making industry with importance given only to â€Å"entertainment†. This is in direct contrast to the Art House film industry, which adopts its ethos based on â€Å"artistic merit†. While Lagaan, without doubt, is a mainstream Bollywood production, it stands out for its artistic merit as well, as will be illustrated below. Firstly, given the lengthy four hour duration of the film, pacing the film becomes a challenging task for the director. Ashutosh Gowariker, the director, does a commendable job in this department as he employs ‘song and dance’ sequences at appropriate junctures to keep the audience engaged to the narrative. The background score given by A.R.Rahman also deserves mention here, as it is one of his masterly works. The task of finding a resonant blend in combining classical Hindustani music with classical West ern is never easy. Rahman overcomes these challenges without a hitch and in the process delivers a unique musical work. Again, such ground-breaking works are not usually associated with Bollywood in general, which further goes to emphasize the enduring significance of Lagaan to the mainstream Indian film industry. Equally competent is the choreographic sequences in the film. Gracy Singh, who plays the role of the jealous village-girl in love with Bhuvan (played by Amir Khan) is particularly graceful in the dance sequences. Being a trained classical dancer, she carries off the role with great ease. The chemistry between the lead pair, especially in moments of romance, is another area where the movie scores (Kasbekar, 2007, p.378). Through a well thought-out interlay of drama, romance and song-and-dance, Gowariker balances the various imperatives of Bollywood entertainers. It is apt to bring to light at this point that Bollywood and Cricket have been two major sources of entertainment for the Indian public. In many ways, Cricket precedes Bollywood in finding a place in the collective Indian public consciousness, for the sport in India is as old as the British Raj. Bollywood, on the other hand, would have to wait for the advent of film and sound technology to grow into a large commercial enterprise that it is today. Lagaan benefits no end by bringing Cricket to the realm of Bollywood and thereby creating a risk-free approach to commercial success (Ganti, 2004, p.232). The employment of the game of Cricket as a metaphor for larger and real struggles in life is a brilliant conception on part of the director. Not surprisingly then, the Cricket match agreed to by the villagers and their British administrators comprises the central sequence in the film, the detailed discussion of which is as follows (Tripathi, 2002, p.38). The cricket match between the natives and the colonial powers takes up the last one hour of the lengthy movie. During the course of the match the built up suspense and anxiety resolves itself. In other words, the cricket match, with so much at stake for both sides serves as a perfect backdrop in which to unravel the climax. While the cricket match can be construed at one level as the struggle between the underdog and the master, at another level it is an allegory for the real-life struggle by subjects of empire against their colonial rulers. At an even greater level of abstraction, the cricket match is an allegory to the universal tussle between forces of good and evil, with the village team evidently being on the side of the good. There are discernible nationalistic undertones in the movie, as Jyothika Virdi points out in her scholarly work The Cinematic Imagination: Indian Popular Films as Social History: â€Å"Lagaan celebrates the struggle against the empire: the trans-national forces of another moment, that noble moment to which the nation owes its origin and to which Hindi cinema has only made muted references before. The anti-colonial struggle might become the latest imprint to imagine the nation—more than a hundred years after the nationalist movement began in earnest and fifty years after the nation’s independence. The dramatic appeal of the now-historic anti-imperial victory might make it yet another enduring strategy to glorify the nation racked with internal polarizations, confused about contending with intensifying globalization forces, and willing to repress and displace the trauma of two nations with the self-aggrandizement of becoming a regional superpower.† (Virdi, 2003, p.78) The aforementioned observations by Jyothika Virdi are valid assessments of Lagaan. Moreover, it places the key ingredients of the film in the context of Bollywood role as an arbiter of Indian culture, values and notions of national identity. While some Bollywood movies take into consideration such elements as the nation’s tenuousness, its artifice, etc, and try to gloss over fault lines, a majority of the films â€Å"locate these fractures within the nation by projecting a national edifice and the rumblings against it. The nation not only subsumes personal identities but also collectives identified by class, gender, sexuality, community, and caste, although social movements centred around these threaten the hierarchies (feudal, capitalist, and patriarchal) maintained by the nation state. Hindi films explore the tensions these collectives generate, even openly articulate their conflicts within the nation; they offer a glimmer of change—and then contain it† (Gant i, 2004, p.232). It is quite fitting to conclude this essay by stating that Lagaan performs all these functions and more. References: Bale, John, and Mike Cronin, eds. Sport and Postcolonialism /. New York: Berg, 2003. Cook, David A. A History of Narrative Film. New York: W. W. Norton, 1996. Ganti, Tejaswini. Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema. New York: Routledge, 2004. Kasbekar, Asha (2007) ‘An Introduction to Indian cinema.’ In: Nelmes, Jill (ed) An Introduction to Film Studies, London: Routledge, pp. 365–390. Tripathi, Salil. â€Å"Better Than Bollywood: It’s a Hot Summer for India’s Film Industry, but Salil Tripathi Prefers a Film-Maker Who Favours Reality over Schmaltz.† New Statesman 3 June 2002: 38+. Vasudevan, Ravi P.: The Politics of Cultural Address in a ‘Transitional’ Cinema: A Case Study of Indian Popular Cinema. In: Gledhill, Christine/ Williams, Linda: Reinventing Film Studies. London: Arnold, P. 130–164 Vick, Tom (2007) Asian Cinema: A Field Guide, Collins, pp. 87 – 112 Virdi, Jyotika. The Cinematic Imagination: Indian Popular Films as Social History. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2003.

Indie Attitude

Indie Attitude While I’m on a Joel Friedlander high (last week’s issue), I had to sink my teeth into a piece he had on his blog recently. thebookdesigner.com/2014/05/the-secret-sauce-for-indie-publishers-attitude/ The blog post was titled The Secret Sauce for Indie Publishers: Attitude. Nina Amir was the author of that post, and she advised that an Indie attitude needed to consist of: 1) Willingness 2) Optimism 3) Objectivity 4) Tenacity I loved reading the comments afterwards, some from readers who obviously were not interested in an attitude adjustment, preferring to remain in their I-can’t-do-this or you-have-to-know-somebody mindset. Actually, the Indie attitude is just a healthy attitude toward life. You don’t have to be a writer, and your attitude doesn’t have to be about writing. And if you want to take attitude and   boil it down to one word, you can stop with the first in Nina Amir’s list: WILLINGNESS. If you are willing to do whatever it takes to change, try new things, learn new ways, attempt trial and error, and write until you figure out how to play this game and make a living at it, it just might happen. I had a long conversation with my editor the other day about more books, a new series, and how I view my writing career. In the exchange, I let her know that whether I’m published or not, I’ll write my stories. And if I cannot find a publisher, I’ll self-publish. It’s just what I do, and I’ll adapt to whatever I need to in order to keep doing what I’m doing. She was impressed at my â€Å"attitude† toward the future.  Frankly, I see my future no other way. Why not be willing to adapt . . . when it makes me better or more successful? Why not learn new ways . . . if old ones have quit working? Why not step outside my comfort zone . . . if staying inside it confines me to a routine that isn’t moving me forward? It’s all attitude. You’ve met those people in your life, the ones with a great outlook and a willingness to improve. They are exciting to be around. So why can’t that be you?

Paper 3 Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

3 - Research Paper Example Ethnic origin provides an individual with a sense of identity from other people. It reinforces the idea that a certain individual is what he or she is because of his or her belongingness to this certain group, where the culture of that group is passed on to that individual by means of language. It is quite comparable to an intangible home of the individual where different members of a huge family interact in seemingly similar ways and valuing similar cultural norms. Ethnicity is closely linked to the concept of a nationality, where, in Political Science, refers to the perception of belongingness to a group or a collective of people exhibiting uniqueness or a sense of distinction from other groups of people. Ethnicity is Janus-faced as it presents two paradoxical roles in the society. The concept of Ethnicity unites the people of the same ethnic origin and consolidates a homogenous collective group of that same ethnic origin. We can see this in the classic example of the Chinese. In s eemingly most major cities in the world, there is always a sector in that city deemed a Chinatown, where most, if not all, people, citizen or migrants, that are ethnically and conservative Chinese establish their homes and their businesses.

Research log Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research log - Essay Example However, as I went on to review the research, I was able to establish the highlights and the major aspects of the issue which were meant to make me understand the events as they unfolded. I was able to learn the extent of the animosity felt by terrorist groups against the US and how these feelings stemmed mostly from the US foreign policies in the Middle East and in developing nations. I was also able to learn how these US foreign policies have been viewed by many Middle Eastern nations as purely economically based and more to the point – oil-based. In the first few days of the research process, I was able to enhance my organizational research skills. Before the research, I did not have an organized way of carrying out research or in carrying out any of my academic tasks. I actually often ended up repeating myself or doing things twice because I did not have good organizational skills. However, as I was going through the process of research, I was forced to come up with a logi cal and orderly system in gathering data and in sorting out the data that I was able to gather. In so doing, I knew where to get the information I needed and which part of the research they would be placed. I was also able to establish the information I still needed to research and what type of information I needed. I believe that the part of the research which was well organized and well done for me was the third chapter because the materials and information were well organized and logically flowed from one idea to the next. I believe that that part of the research process was able to highlight my strengths as a researcher and as a student. However, there were also some challenging and difficult parts of the research process for me. It was very challenging for me to gain an objective and well-rounded information about the topic. There are different sources of information about the topic and I tried my best to sift through these in order to come up with the best and the most objecti ve sources of data. When I was about to finish the research and data gathering process, I was more or less ready to plan and to write the initial chapters of the paper. In order for me to make a good start however on the paper, I was planning to read the â€Å"Unholy wars: Afghanistan, America and international terrorism† by Cooley and â€Å"Fighting suicide bombing: a worldwide campaign for life† by Cherny. In order to successfully write the first chapter, I was called on to spend much time in researching about the 9/11 attacks itself. The areas of my research for this week included the assessment of the different events leading up to the 9/11 attacks and the immediate aftermath thereof. I found out that there were possible signs which indicated a possible attack on US soil, however no definitive threat was seen and was considered an immediate threat to the US and its inhabitants and territories. In order to ensure a good understanding of the subject matter, I highlig hted the importance of gaining balanced and objective research materials. I used both library searches through books and journals in order to facilitate data gathering. I also used the internet to search for possible recommended materials relevant to my research. Before I started with the research proc

Elephantiasis Disorder Essay Example for Free

Elephantiasis Disorder Essay Elephantiasis is usually caused by obstructions in the lymphatic system. It causes a swelling in the skin and tissues, generally in the lower trunk and the legs. It is most likely seen in the legs and genitals, causing baggy, thick and ulcerated skin, accompanied by fever and chills. Limbs can swell so much that they will resemble an elephants front leg in size, texture and even color. Elephantiasis has two main forms. Lymphatic filariasis is the most common form, caused by a parasitic disease just from a bite from a little infected mosquito. This form of Elephantiasis is caused by a parasite, most commonly called roundworms. The parasite blocks the lymphatic vessels, inhibiting their ability to drain the affected area. This disease can be very painful and will most likely impact the individual’s ability to lead a normal life. A severe case can block blood vessels, which will limit the blood flow to the skin causing inflammation and possible gangrenous. Elephantiasis is recognized as the second leading cause of disability worldwide because of its physical and psychological impact to the affected individual. An economic burden is also a huge issue, although treatments are available, those who are affected are usually from the poor community so they cannot afford the drugs to help cure them. The physical impact is very obvious to the infected because of the edema. It makes it very difficult for them to move around to do their daily activities. Most will have thickening skin and a very strong body odor. Because of these symptoms they usually are unemployed making life a struggle for money. Elephantiasis is known to be a disease of poverty because it is endemic to poor tropical countries. It is a public health and socio-economic problem worldwide. It affects 120 million people in over 80 countries. The disease is prevalent in urban and rural areas affecting people of all ages and sexes.

The Effects of Wishes :: essays research papers

Throughout history people have been mislead to believe that happiness can only be found through achieving what you think you want. For example, it is rare to read a fairy tale that doesn’t involve a hero obtaining his goals and living happily ever after with the one he loves. Few authors have dared to write about the reality of life in fear that the response from audiences who are used to happy endings would be negative. Charles Dickens and James Hilton are two authors that took that chance and each produced a novel that did not necessarily have a happy ending. Charles Dickens illustrates in his book, Great Expectations, and James Hilton presents in his novel, Lost Horizon, that life is full of surprises, and happiness is not always found in the things we think we want.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The hero in each of these novels is on a quest for happiness. Pip, from Great Expectations, believes that if he were to become a gentleman he would be content with his life. On the contrary, Conway in Lost Horizon is searching for peace of mind and where he can think without disturbance. Each character’s quest brings them to the realization that there are consequences for every action, and obtaining your goals is difficult when enduring the obstacles of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main objective of Pip and Conway’s quests is to obtain a talisman. Dicken’s Pip is looking for materialistic items such as money, while Hilton’s Conway is looking for knowledge that can last you a lifetime. Though both characters end up achieving their own talisman, it proved to not be the only key for happiness as expected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the quest for the each talisman, a mentor guided each of the heroes. In Great Expectations, his benefactor, Magwitch, guides Pip during his quest by providing him with money when needed. The High Lama enlightened Conway with knowledge and gave him guidance, in Lost Horizon, therefore filling the position of a mentor towards him. Both mentors fulfilled the main characters with their talismans, but it was up to the heroes to determine what was best for their life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The settings in the novels were different and therefore affected the main characters in various ways. The setting for Great Expectations was nineteenth century England where money was a major part of society. Pip felt obligated to obtain money in order to marry and live an exceptional life.

Gestalt Learning Theory Essay

Doing my research on learning and instruction in complex simulation-based learning environments, I experienced a large difference in how learners reacted to my learning material (Kluge, in press, 2004). Complex technical simulations involve the placement of the learner into a realistic computer simulated situation or technical scenario which puts control back into the learner’s hands. The contextual content of simulations allows the learner to â€Å"learn by doing. † Although my primary purpose was in improving research methods and testing procedures for evaluating learning results of simulation-based learning, the different reaction of our participants were so obvious that we took a closer look. I had two different groups participating in my learning experiments: students from an engineering department at the University, mostly in their 3rd semester, and apprentices from vocational training programs in mechanics and electronics of several companies near the University area in their 3rd year of vocational training. Most of the students worked very intensively and concentrated on solving these complex simulation tasks whereas apprentices became easily frustrated and bored. Although my first research purpose was not in investigating the differences between these groups, colleagues and practitioners showed their interest and encouraged me to look especially at that difference. Practitioners especially hoped to find explanations why apprentices sometimes are less enthusiastic about simulation learning although it is said to be motivating for their perception. Therefore, in this dissertation I address the difference in the effectiveness of using simulation intervention program based on a Gestalt learning theory. Moreover, to find out if the program improves either or both the quality and speed of the learning process of students enrolled in a highly technical training program. This dissertation focuses on using simulation based learning environments in vocational training program. In this chapter, the experimental methodology and instruments are described, results presented and finally discussed. As mentioned above, my primary purpose when I started to investigate learning and simulation based on Gestalt learning theory was focused on improving the research methodology and test material (see Kluge, in press, 2004) for experimenting with simulation-based learning environments. But observing the subjects’ reactions to the learning and testing material the question arose whether there might be a difference in the quality of and speed of the learning process of students involved in my study. Research Design: A 3-factor 2 ? 2 ? 2 factorial control-group-design was performed (factor 1: â€Å"Simulation complexity†: ColorSim 5 vs ColorSim 7; factor 2: â€Å"support method†: GES vs. DI-GES; factor 3: target group, see Table 2). Two hundred and fifteen mostly male students (16% female) in eight groups (separated into four experimental and four control groups) participated in the main study. The control group served as a treatment check for the learning phase and to demonstrate whether subjects acquired any knowledge within the learning-phase. While the experimental groups filled in the knowledge test at the end of the experiment (after the learning and the transfer tasks), the control groups filled in the knowledge test directly after the learning phase. I did not want to give the knowledge test to the experimental group after the learning phase because of its sensitivity to testing-effects. I assumed that learners who did not acquire the relevant knowledge in the learning phase could acquire useful knowledge by taking the knowledge test, which could have led to a better transfer performance which is not due to the learning method but caused by learning from taking the knowledge test. The procedure subjects had to follow included a learning phase in which they explored the structure of the simulation aiming at knowledge acquisition. After the learning phase, subjects first had to fill in the four-item questionnaire on self-efficacy before they performed 18 transfer tasks. The transfer tasks were separated into two blocks (consisting of nine control tasks each) by a 30-minute break. In four experimental groups (EG), 117 students and apprentices performed the learning phase (28 female participants), the 18 control tasks and the knowledge test. As said before, the knowledge test was applied at the end because of its sensitivity to additional learning effects caused by filling in the knowledge test. In four control groups (CG), 98 students and apprentices performed the knowledge test directly after the learning phase, without working on the transfer task (four female participants). The EGs took about 2-2. 5 hours and the CG about 1. 5 hours to finish the experiment. Both groups (EGs and CGs) were asked to take notes during the learning phase. Subjects were randomly assigned to the EGs and CGs, nonetheless ensuring that the same number of students and apprentices were in each group. The Simulation-Based Learning Environment The computer-based simulation ColorSim, which we had developed for our experimental research previously, was used in two different variants. The simulation is based on the work by Funke (1993) and simulates a small chemical plant to produce colors for later subsequent processing and treatment such as dyeing fabrics. The task is to produce a given amount of colors in a predefined number of steps (nine steps). To avoid the uncontrolled influence of prior knowledge, the structure of the plant simulation cannot be derived from prior knowledge of a certain domain, but has to be learned by all subjects. ColorSim contains three endogenous variables (termed green, black, and yellow) and three exogenous variables (termed x, y, and z ). Figure 1 illustrates the ColorSim screen. Subjects control the simulation step by step (in contrast to a real time running continuous control). The predefined goal states of each color have to be reached by step nine. Subjects enter values for x, y, and z within the range of 0-100. There is no time limit for the transfer tasks. During the transfer tasks, the subjects have to reach defined system states for green (e. g. , 500), black (e. g. , 990), and yellow (e. g. , 125) and/or try to keep the variable values as close as possible to the values defined as goal states. Subjects are instructed to reach the defined system states at the end of a multi-step process of nine steps. The task for the subjects was first to explore or learn about the simulated system (to find out the causal links between the system variables), and then to control the endogenous variables by means of the exogenous variables with respect to a set of given goal states. With respect to the empirical evidence of Funke (2001) and Strau? (1995), the theoretical concept for the variation in complexity is based on Woods’ (1986) theoretical arguments that complexity depends on an increasing number of relations between a stable number of (in this case six) variables (three input, three output: for details of the construction rational and empirical evidence see Kluge, 2004, and Kluge, in press, see Table 1). To meet reliability requirements, subjects had to complete several trials in the transfer task. For each of the 18 control tasks a predefined correct solution exists, to which the subjects’ solutions could be compared. In addition, knowledge acquisition and knowledge application phases were separated. The procedure for the development of a valid and reliable knowledge test is described in the next section. Different methods have been developed to provide learners with support to effectively learn from using simulations. De Jong and van Joolingen (1998) categorize these into five groups: 1. Direct access to domain knowledge, which means that learners should know something about the field or subject beforehand, if discovery learning is to be fruitful. 2. Support for hypothesis generation, which means learners are offered elements of hypotheses that they have to assemble themselves. 3. Support for the design of experiments, e. g. , by providing hints like â€Å"It is wise to vary only one variable at a time† 4. Support for making predictions, e. g. , by giving learners a graphic tool in which they can draw a curve that gives predictions at three levels of precision: as numerical data, as a drawn graph, and as an area in which the graph would be located. 5. Support for regulative learning processes: e. g. , by introducing model progression, which means that the model is introduced gradually, and by providing planning support, which means freeing learners from the necessity of making decisions and thus helping them to manage the learning process. In addition, regulative processes can be supported by leading the learner through different stages, like â€Å"Before doing the experiment . . . ,† â€Å"Now do the experiment,† â€Å"After doing the experiment. . . .† Altogether, empirical findings and theoretical assumptions have so far led to the conclusion that experiential learning needs additional support to enhance knowledge acquisition and transfer. Target Population and Participant Selection: In the introductory part, I mentioned that there were two sub groups in the sample which I see as different target groups for using simulation-based learning environments. Subjects were for the most part recruited from the technical departments of a Technical University (Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electronics, Information Technology as well as apprentices from the vocational training programs in mechanics

America s Domestic Markets Against Foreign Traders

Occasionally both tariffs (tax that adds to the cost of imported goods) and import quotas (a restriction placed on the quantity of particular good that a country can import) are used to control the quantity of foreign products that can enter a country’s domestic markets. Several arguments have been raised regarding reasons for protecting domestic markets against foreign traders. Nonetheless, protectionism is characterized by several welfare consequences. The arguments for protectionism can be categorized into economic and non-economic. The economic arguments mostly focus on national welfare. On the other hand, arguments for non-economic protectionism are based on national interests. This paper evaluates the potential justifications for protectionism measures. Protectionism Improves National Welfare by Preventing International Price Discrimination Sometimes goods might be sold overseas at prices that are below their production cost and below market price in the domestic market. 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